Drawing upon animal studies, cognitive neuroscience, attachment theory, sleep disorders, content analysis, developmental psychology, memory, emotion, play, narrative, imagery, and metaphor, mcnamara portrays dreams as the creative product of an adaptive process that is crucial to the development of both authentic human communication and hardtofake emotions, as well as in all likelihood human culture in general. It was in his book the interpretation of dreams published in 1900 that freud first. Master introductory psychology is also available as a series of 4 books in ebook and print format. Each sleep cycle stage 1 2 3 2 rem does not go back into stage 1 which is just falling asleep is 90 minutes last four hours of sleep mainly spent in rem and stage 2 nrem sleep. Sleep cycles through these stages approximately four or five times throughout the night. Diagram the sleep cycle wavelengths and explain what is happening at each stage of sleep including rem and nrem sleep explain freuds theory of dreams. Rem sleep happens for two hours in a single nights sleep while nrem sleep takes place for four to six hours. Scitech book news intended to explore new approaches to potential functions of rem and remrelated dreaming. All of this internal activity is synthesized and interpreted by the brain. Nrem sleep accounts for 47 hours a night, about 75% of the total night. Nonrapid eye movement sleep nrem, also known as quiescent sleep, is, collectively, sleep. Lack of sleep can cause moodiness, irritability, and even loss of memory.
Chapter 07 states of consciousness, psychology, by david g. Module 23 sleep patterns and sleep theories module 23 explains our sleep patterns with rem and nrem sleep and what affects our sleep. Sleep apnea, for example, is a disorder in which obstruction of the airway. Stage 2 nrem is characterized by sleep spindles and kcomplexes. On the other hand, in nonrapid eye movement sleep, the eyes stay at rest. Whenever you lie down for those forty winks, cat nap, or a good nights rest, theres plenty happening in your body as it dials down. Sleepwalking, also known as somnambulism or noctambulism, is a phenomenon of combined sleep and wakefulness. One of the best ways to study the importance and function of sleep is to remove it and see what the effects are. Dream content during sleepwalking sleep terrors vs rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Sleep deprivation is known to decrease insight into ones own performance,40. Nrem sleep is subdivided into several stages numbered 1 to 3. Human sleep are usually divided into 5 stages according to electroencephalographic eeg recordings. Spend more time in stage 1, which causes them to awaken easily. In contrast, nonrem nrem sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves.
There are 3 degrees of illness with obstructive sleep apnea mild. Exploring the necessity and virtue of sleep the new york times. Mar 02, 2018 whenever you lie down for those forty winks, cat nap, or a good nights rest, theres plenty happening in your body as it dials down. This barcode number lets you verify that youre getting exactly the right version or edition of a book. The first stage of nrem sleep is known as stage 1 sleep.
Sleep stages and circadian rhythms video khan academy. During this stage, muscular activity decreases, and conscious awareness of the external environment disappears. Andreason and black, introductory textbook of psychiatry, ch. During these times, that arise most often in the initial hours of sleep, the electroencephalogram displays only little activity, and there is minimal or no alterations in respiration, blood pressure, or pulse. Kendra cherry, ms, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Since the late nineteenth century, psychologists have investigated consciousness, including the awareness of ones self and environment, the ways consciousness can be altered, and the various levels and states of consciousness. This is the most common of sleep illnesses and is commonly related to psychological stressors, poor. Psychology and psychophysiology, 2nd edition 2nd edition by steven j. Khan academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the. Scitech book news mcnamara makes a seminal contribution to both evolutionary psychology and the neuropsychology of sleep and dreams.
This book is distributed under the terms of the creative commons. Nrem sleep is the transition phase, from wakefulness to deep sleep and then into the dream stages of sleep rem sleep. It is characterized by delta waves, and is also called slowwave sleep or sws. This theory of dreaming was first proposed by allan hobson and robert mccarley in 1977. Consciousness, sleep, and dreams ap psychology 101. During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat.
Other activities to help include hangman, crossword, word scramble, games, matching, quizes, and tests. A delta wave is a wave with a high amplitude height on graph and has a frequency of 04 hz fairly slow. Many sleep deprived people feel fatigued and have trouble. Physiology, sleep stages statpearls ncbi bookshelf. Other related resources book website the website for the book night school which includes several short videos, a test for sleep deprivation. Challenging existing claims concerning the functions of rapid eye movement sleep and the purported meaninglessness of dreams, this text offers a complete and uptodate survey on the anatomy, physiology, ontogeny, and phylogeny of rem sleep as well as the cognitive neuroscience of dream phenomonolgy and dream content. Normal stage of sleep, characterized by random, rapid movement of the eyes. These brain circuits, in turn, help to activate areas of the limbic system. Nrem sleep contains all stages of sleep except rem there are 5, although this is debatable. As the night progresses, fewer nrem stages occur, and the duration of. Each card will be taped into a manila folder, numbered, and turned in the day of the unit test. Experts say eight hours of shuteye is a good idea for most adults. Check out kaplans ap psychology prep plus book on amazon key takeaways.
Noland white stages of sleep rapid eye movement rem. Sleep deprivation insufficient sleep syndrome the patient simply does not sleep enough, but there is otherwise nothing wrong with hisher sleep. Ap psychology unit 5 assignment altered states of consciousness. Theories of the reasons why we sleep verywell mind. Much like sleepwalking and sleep talking, night terrors occur during the nrem3 stage of sleep, and are not the same as nightmares, which occur, like most dreaming, during rem sleep. According to the theory of activation synthesis, circuits in the brain are activated during rem sleep. Twenty years ago, he was diagnosed with sleep apnea, a condition in which. Sanja jelic, md, is boardcertified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine. Regardless of when you fall asleep, people tend to experience more nrem sleep in the earlier hours of the night e. Night terrors abrupt awakenings from nrem sleep accompanied by intense autonomic arousal and feeling of panic. In most instances, nrem usually happens though the body will undertake both rem and nrem sleep cycles. Whether youre studying for ap psychology, ib psychology, a college course, or you just want to better understand the world of psychology, this book has what you need. Chapter 07 states of consciousness, psychology, by david. The stage is sometimes referred to as somnolence or drowsy sleep.
Sleep proceeds through multiple cycles of nonrem 3 stages and rem per night, with. Stage 3 nrem formerly considered two stages, 3 and 4 is the deepest stage of nrem sleep. Module 23 sleep patterns and sleep theories ap psychology. Written by leading experts, it not only examines the activity of the mind during sleep but also scrutinizes methodological issues of key importance to the field. Whether youre a sound sleeper or someone who has trouble sleeping, your body goes through. Many early writings discuss sleep and sleep disorders in a variety of ways. A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. Interval between onset of sleep and rapideyemovement sleep as an indicator of depression, lancet, 2, 684686. In this stage your brain wave activity is composed mainly of alpha and beta wave. From the dreams of the rem rapid eye movement sleep stage to the deep restorative and most restful sleep of stage 3 and 4 nrem nonrapid eye movement sleep, the body changes the frequency and amplitude of its brain waves in each sleep stage. Nonrem sleep contains light stages of sleep stage 1, to full sleep stage 2, and deep or slow wave sleep stages 3 and 4.
Prevalence is unknown, but this is likely the most common cause of excessive daytime sleepiness in the general population. Psychology of consciousness and sleep psychology class notes. A period of dreamless sleep divided into four distinct, continuous stages. Nrem sleep and has 4 distinct stages known as stage 1 to stage 4. It is classified as a sleep disorder belonging to the parasomnia family. Walker, a professor of neuroscience and psychology at the university of california. Sleep and dreaming boundless psychology lumen learning. Ap psychology syllabus 3 sample 1058826v1 6 day 5 stages of sleep variety of brain waves time spent at each stage biological difference between rem and nrem sleep week 11 day 1 need for sleep and sleep disorders survey. My textbook states there are four stages of nrem sleep as well as rem sleep. A natural sleep cycle consists of many episodes of nrem. Criteria for determining rem sleep include low muscle tone and rapid eye moveme. This unique and uptodate book provides a comprehensive history and critical account of sleep mentation research since the introduction of electrographic techniques.
Sleep begins in stage 1 and progresses into stages 2, and 3. After stage 3 sleep, stage 2 sleep is repeated before entering rem sleep. Delta waves are helpful to note on a scan because they can help characterize how deeply a person is sleeping. Most of what we know about sleep stages comes from studying how a person sleeps. Nrem sleep nonrem nonrapideyemovement stages of sleep that alternates with rem stages during the sleep cycle. Night terrors are most common in children under seven, and may be spurred by stress, fatigue, sleep deprivation, and sleeping in unfamiliar surroundings. The book ends with12 common myths related to sleep and a list of tips for improving sleep quality. It occurs during slow wave sleep stage, in a state of low consciousness, with performance of activities that are usually performed during a state of full. Stages of sleep psychologist world psychology news. Sleep has been the subject of speculation and thought since the time of the early greek philosophers. Chapter 05 variations in consciousness coursenotes.
Rem sleep with rapid eye movements this includes dreaming, stage 1 with 50% reduction in alpha waves compared to awake resting with eyes closed. Sleep is essential for proper psychological and physiological functioning. However, only about 2% of all patients presenting to a sleep center have this diagnosis zorick et al. Check out kaplans ap psychology prep plus book on amazon key terms. Course syllabus psy270 spring 2014 society for the. Nrem sleep definition of nrem sleep by the free dictionary. Each card will have the term thoroughly and clearly defined on the back. Why is stage four nrem sleep not mentioned in this video. During nrem sleep, the longrange brain waves of deep sleep move memory packets of recent experiences from a shortterm, more fragile storage area to a safer longterm storage site. People with sleep apnea do not cycle through the normal stages of the sleep cycle. Technically speaking, sleep is a periodic, natural, reversible and near total loss of consciousness, meaning its different than hibernation, being in a coma, or in say, an anesthetic oblivion. Once rem sleep is over, the body usually returns to stage 2 sleep. During sleep, the body alternates through cycles of rem and nrem.
Difference between rem and nrem difference between. The brain displays a variety of activity patterns at different stages of sleep. All human and animal behavior is a product of biological structures and processes, highly organized on multiple interconnected levels. Rem and nrem play a key role in memory consolidation and the act of retaining information.
Night terrors a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified. Nrem sleep contains all stages of sleep except rem there are 5, although many debate this, instead saying there are 4 stages of sleep. Nonrem sleep is composed of four stages that are differentiated on the basis of. Awareness of everything going on within ourselves and our surroundings ons c io u s ne s s. Nrem sleep nonrapid eye movement sleep sleep involving partial.